Born into an aristocratic family in Albi, France, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec suffered from a genetic disorder, likely exacerbated by his parents’ close familial relationship, which stunted the growth of his legs and left him permanently disabled. This condition, along with his stature and physical limitations, led to feelings of isolation. However, it also drove him to focus intently on his art, through which he found a unique perspective and voice.

Toulouse-Lautrec moved to Paris in 1882 to pursue his artistic training, studying under well-known academic painters. Although trained in the traditional techniques of academic art, he found his true inspiration in the avant-garde art scene, particularly in Montmartre, the bohemian heart of Paris. He was drawn to the world of cabarets, dance halls, and theaters, including iconic venues such as the Moulin Rouge and Le Chat Noir. These locations became both his subjects and his social sphere, with Lautrec frequently associating with performers, dancers, and other marginalized individuals. His empathy for outsiders and the underrepresented brought depth to his portrayals, distinguishing him from his contemporaries.

Toulouse-Lautrec is best known for his innovative posters, paintings, and lithographs that capture the energy and atmosphere of Parisian nightlife. His works, such as Moulin Rouge: La Goulue (1891), feature stylized lines, bold colors, and flattened forms inspired by Japanese woodblock prints, which had become fashionable in Paris at the time. Toulouse-Lautrec’s creations did more than simply advertise performances; they immortalized the entertainers, including famous dancers like La Goulue and Jane Avril, and captured the eccentric characters and electric energy of Montmartre's nightlife. His posters quickly became iconic, combining modern design with sharp social insight, and marking a new era in commercial art.

Toulouse-Lautrec’s art was characterized by a raw honesty and a lack of judgment toward his subjects, qualities that set him apart from other artists of his time. He offered a glimpse into the hidden side of Paris, focusing on the lives of performers, sex workers, and laborers. His use of vibrant colors, expressive lines, and exaggerated figures helped to create a style that was uniquely his own, blending elements of realism, post-impressionism, and modernism. Despite his success, Toulouse-Lautrec’s life was marred by health issues and alcoholism, which ultimately led to his early death at the age of 36. His contributions to art, particularly in the field of poster design and lithography, have had a lasting impact, influencing both fine art and commercial design.